Pii: S0191-2615(98)00023-x

Observations from two freeway bottlenecks in and near Toronto, Canada indicate that the average rate vehicles discharge from a queue can be 10% lower than the ̄ow measured prior to the queue's formation. Absent any in ̄uences from downstream, the queue discharge ̄ows exhibited nearly stationary patterns that alternated between higher and lower rates. These alternating ̄ow patterns were especially evident at one of the two sites, although the feature occurred at both sites during periods that immediately followed the onset of upstream queueing; i.e. a queue's formation was always accompanied by a relatively low discharge rate followed later by a temporary surge in the discharge ̄ow. When plotted cumulatively over time, however, the counts of discharging vehicles generally did not deviate by more than about 50 vehicles from a trend line of constant slope. Thus, the discharge ̄ows are described as being `nearly' constant; i.e. they varied (slightly) about a ®xed rate. At each site, this average discharge rate exhibited little deviation from day to day. The present ®ndings came by visually comparing transformed curves of cumulative vehicle arrival number vs time and cumulative occupancy vs time measured at neighboring loop detectors. This treatment of the data provided clear presentations of some important trac features and this facilitated a detailed study of bottleneck ̄ows. # 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.